In particular, gender differences are of interest in addressing health inequalities in pre- and post-mission outcomes. Reference Skogstad, Heir, Hauff and Ekeberg3– Reference Motreff, Baubet, Pirard, Rabet, Petitclerc and Stene5 However, understanding these differences is necessary for the development of specific preparation and follow-up tools. Reference Neria, Nandi and Galea2 Indeed, the psychological reactions of emergency personnel exposed to terror attacks in Europe have until now rarely been examined. Reference Zvolensky, Farris, Kotov, Schechter, Bromet and Gonzalez1 Numerous publications focus on the psychological effects of disasters on emergency responders, but the systematic investigation of differences between genders or occupational groups is comparatively limited. Responses to a potentially traumatic event span a wide range from increased stress to mental disorders, such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, other anxiety disorders or addiction. Differentiated preparation and follow-up for emergency responders is recommended moving towards health-related equality. Sexual harassment in a male-dominated profession may be a vulnerability factor. There is, as yet, no conclusive explanation for this difference.
The same effect was observed with exposed female emergency personnel showing a significant 2-year post-deployment increase compared with the total group including unexposed female as well as exposed and unexposed male emergency personnel. There was a group × time interaction effect in paranoid ideation: paranoid ideation increased over time in the exposed versus the unexposed female group. Exposed female versus exposed male personnel showed higher paranoid ideation at both time points. Participants were exposed and unexposed emergency personnel ( n = 120). This newly designed confirmatory study aims to replicate these previously found gender-specific results and investigate the progression of effects after 2 years. Conclusions: We found a higher prevalence of psychotic symptoms and paranoid ideation in the elderly than previously reported and these symptoms were associated with broad psychopathology and a poor prognosis.In a pilot study, female emergency personnel showed increased paranoid ideation following a terror attack. Non-demented 85-year-olds with psychotic symptoms or paranoid ideation performed worse on tests measuring verbal ability, logical reasoning and two tests of spatial ability after adjustment for sex, education, hearing impairment, visual deficits, somatic disorders, depression, mortality, and incident dementia. Basal ganglia calcification on CT was observed in 19% of mentally healthy and 64% of non-demented 85-year olds with hallucinations or delusions (Odds Ratio 7.7, 95% Confidence Interval 2.9-29.7). Hallucinations were associated with increased 3-year mortality in women but not in men. Hallucinations, delusions and paranoid ideation were each related to an increased incidence of dementia between the ages of 85 and 88. Paranoid ideation was associated with visual deficits and myocardial infarction. Delusions were associated with disability in daily life. Hallucinations were associated with major depressive syndrome, disability in daily life, and visual deficits. The prevalence of paranoid ideation was 6.9%. At age 85, the prevalence of psychotic symptoms was 10.1%, including hallucinations among 6.9% and delusions among 5.5%. After inclusion of information from key-informant interviews, the incidence of psychotic symptoms increased to 7.4 cases per 1000 person-years between ages 85-90. Results: Between ages 70-79 the incidence of psychotic symptoms was 4. At age 85, the examinations also included a key-informant interview, CT-scan of the brain and neuropsychological examinations. At age 85, the sample was extended to include every second 85-year-old in Gothenburg, and 494, including 100 from the original sample, were examined.
The sample was followed for 20 years at ages 75, 79, 81, 83, 85, 88 and 90. Psychotic symptoms that appeared after onset of dementia and during a delirium were not included. Methods: Psychotic symptoms, physical disorders, disability in daily life, and sensory impairments were assessed with psychiatric and physical examinations and medical record reviews in a representative sample of 70-year-olds (N=392) from Gothenburg, Sweden in 1971.
Background: Psychotic symptoms and paranoid ideation are not commonly reported in non-demented elderly, and may be underrated in traditional epidemiological studies.Aims: The aims of this study are to characterize the incidence and prevalence of psychotic symptoms and paranoid ideation and associated factors the relationship between neuropsychological performance and psychotic symptoms and paranoid ideation and the prognosis of psychotic symptoms and paranoid ideation in non-demented elderly.
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